Presenting Interpretive Structural Model of Sustainable Development Based on Ibn Khaldun’s Viewpoint*

This paper is written with the understanding of the need for sustainable development on the one hand and the necessity of presenting an indigenous model of sustainable development for developing countries, especially Islamic countries. Accordingly, the authors have chosen Ibn Khaldun's views as one of the most prominent Islamic scholars as a source of research while choosing a historical perspective that is a mixture of countries' culture and experience. The method of this study is mixed (qualitative-quantitative). In this way, the library method is used for data collection. The content analysis method was used to analyze the collected data. As a result, the ten components of Sustainable development-Asabiyyah, Emphasizing on temperament, Eliminating poverty and creating welfare, Good governance, Citizenship rights, Scientific growth, Justice, Rationality, Population growth rate, To be based on people were extracted from Ibn Khaldun's viewpoint. Afterwards, the researchers referred to 10 experts familiar with Ibn Khaldun's thought and confirmed the extracted components and obtained their views on the type of relationships between these components in the form of interpretive structural modeling. Finally, an interpretive structural model of sustainable development based on Ibn Khaldun's theories was presented which revealed that the three componentsAsabiyyah, Emphasizing on temperament, and To be based on peoplehave the most impact on sustainable development.

modelini sunma gereğini de göz önüne almaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, yazarlar, önde gelen İslam 1. Introduction Development in today's world is one of the key concepts addressed in various studies of politics, sociology and economics. This concept is considered in the geopolitical and economic geography as a factor for the separation of regions and countries. Following the concept of development, many other issues are also raised development, on the one hand, have supporters who see many of the problems in society as being inadequate; Hence, it has emphasized on implementation of comprehensive development in all political, economic, social and cultural spheres and see it as the only solution to the problems of society. This group, who western viewpoint on the concept of development, In their analysis, examined the various dimensions of development, explained and ultimately make appropriate decisions for achieving development indexes. They want development to be integrated in all country and development is associated with a specific set of general goals set at a specific point in time (Mc Granham, 1972 : 92).
On the other hand, development critics, unlike the first group, many of the underlying problems in society are attributed to the shakiness of the incompatibility of western imported development with Islamic culture; They believe that development, in the western sense, differs basically and naturally with what is called "progress and growth" in Islam. According to this group view, the condition for the achievement of progress in the community is to focus on religious foundations and not applying to western basics; because progress comes from the Islamic worldview and consequently, development is also a product of western world view. The discussion of "sustainable development" and its related categories, among the issues that have been raised in today's world in a number of very important areas and have been discussed and have an evolutionary and growing trend. A great deal of research in the world today is devoted to research in the field of sustainable development. The main point was the formation of a sustainable development debate focusing on environmental approaches, but it quickly became a term in many areas and became one of the main topics of each discipline. There are still many limitations in achieving this important aim in Islamic countries and unfortunately, the statistics indicate that the distance between Islamic countries is so much to achieving the principles of sustainable development (Zubair, 2006). One of the first reasons for failure is the lack of indigenous and Islamic pattern in this regard.

Problem Statement
It is clear that in order to achieve a sustainable and evolutionary development, there should be a model which conforms to the conditions of each land. Most scholars in Islamic countries, when they argue the issue of sustainable development, refer to western sources. This is while, in many cases, a complete adaptation of imported patterns will be failed and the pattern of indigenous development based on Islamic and indigenous culture is preferable to the copied western model due to its social, cultural and historical adaptation to Islamic societies. The issue that has been forgotten is that a glance at the history of the evolution of various disciplines shows what ideas remain unknown in their homeland, despite being the basis in the East, but in the industrialized countries, they are well known as new and western ideas (Naghizadeh, 1385).
One of the first steps to study the views and thoughts of Muslim scholars on this subject is to localize of a meaningful concept such as "sustainable development". It should be noted that the first step in the preparation of any plan, is to formulate theoretical foundations on the subject. Hence, in order to achieve the indigenous pattern of the universal subject such as sustainable development, it is necessary in the first step to carefully examine the valuable views of Islamic thinkers: (Same,440) One of the most prominent Islamic thinkers whose ideas were beyond his time and examined the unique approach to various issues of society and the city, is Abdul Rahman Ibn Khaldun, a prominent Muslim scholar who was born in First day of Ramadan in 732 hijri (May 27, 1332) in Tunisia Hein his valuable book, "The Muqaddimah" in a complete and the smartest way, addresses the topic of sustainable development. Ibn Khaldun is also known as the founder of sociology, and is also famous for economic growth theories; but what has been neglected by many researchers is that, in addition, he can be considered the founder of modern urban planning. Because his views on urban issues are very similar to those of this area in the contemporary world. He Expressed in "The Muqaddimah" with a scientific approach, the differences between urban culture and urbanization, the interrelationship between human and environmental characteristics, the relationship between geography and the shape of the city, mentioned features of the civilized and uncivilized society, the primitive civilization and the civic life and explained the theory of the life cycle of society and the natural need of man for the development of society and the community has provided a suitable solution for positive change and growth in various social and urban areas. Among the concepts that he has come up with a unique intelligence in this work, the perfectly harmonious concept with the discussion of "sustainable development". Sustainable development is explained in three areas: economics, society and the environment. When all three concepts are developed together and unified between them, it will be achieving sustainable development. Ibn Khaldun, about six hundred years before the term was introduced, precisely with this approach, has discussed these topics and he argues that other issues besides these three, should be taken into consideration. development, we should meet all basic needs and extend the opportunities in a way to be able to realize the desire of individuals to achieve a better life" ( WCED 1 , 1987).

Research Background
Sustainability in its broadest sense refers to the ability of the community; ecosystem or any current system to operate indefinitely in the future, without compromising the resources of the system is dependent on it or because of imposing excessive load on them, to be weakened ( Gilman, 1996 ).
Practically, Sustainability is balance between environmental imperatives and development needs and can be achieved in two ways: reducing pressures and increasing existing capacity. Therefore, the main conditions of sustainability are (Nasiri,2000:114):  Systems should be compatible with local and environmental conditions;  Systems should be compatible with future needs and intended purposes;  Systems should be sufficiently adapted to changes and should be restored in the event of system degradation due to unplanned incidents.
Sustainable development in its simplest definition is considered to be a development that will meet the needs of the current generation without compromising the needs of the next generation. The issue of sustainability, the main fields of which have been approved by the members of the international community, has led to the proliferation of interpretations such as sustainable architecture, sustainable urban development, a sustainable city, a sustainable human and material development.

Education
In sustainable development, the most important capital of countries is human capital.
Obviously, the rise of huge capital depends on education. "Education is the first C) Learning to act; D) Learning to be" (Bahramzadeh,2003).

Economy and Industry
As a fact, accepted by various scholars over the last, fundamental change through industrialization can be the cause of rapid economic growth of a country. From this perspective, industrialization is the best way to put an end to technical and economic backwardness in the shortest possible time with the least dependence on the outside. It is an instrument to create change in the traditional social relations of society and the application of scientific and technical achievements in order to increase productivity and efficiency. Using opportunities and meeting the challenges ahead requires that the process of industrial production with a strategic approach will pave the way for structural changes and this requires an accurate understanding of the basic variables in the economy and industry and recognizing the challenges ahead. By adopting the right policies, the process of structural changes in the industrial sector will be orientated to make serious developments in the path of sustainable development of the country (Beheshti, 2006).

Governments
"In the process of achieving sustainable development in the Third World, the active presence of national governments should be necessarily be accompanied by the components of sustainable development, such as political participation and the freedom of people in their countries. Without the support of governments as the most important factor in sustainable development, national, internal, balanced and sustainable development cannot be guaranteed in Third World Societies" (Baran, 1980).

Non-governmental organizations (NGO's)
"The NGOs play a vital role in shaping and realizing participatory democracy. These organizations in order to be free of the official activities have favorable areas for participation in the debate on sustainable development. The NGOs, which operate at all levels of international, national and local, can organize their wide and diverse networks in a wide network. Everyone in the world inevitably has to make decisions at every level, and at the same time, it simultaneously uses information and produces information. In response to this vital need, the NGOs are seeking to expand the "information society" (Beheshti, 2006).

Science Production
Science production and its known brands in the present era has become an "international goods" and large research institutions have become "science production factories".
Science production as the main source of power and the control of the global biomass is essential to the success of sustainable development initiatives (Beheshti, 2006).
Because any attempt to reach any kind of development without the active participation of local people will not be achieved. The biased selection of knowledge and information and the control of it effectively block the fields of knowledge and participation and, on the other hand, without sustainable participation of the people, sustainable development will not be possible (Sariolghalam, 1992).

Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
The impact and role of communication and information technology in sustainable development is so much that when we talked about it, a wide range of sophisticated communication technologies will come in the mind. "Paying attention to the development of information and communications technology and from technological perspective can solve many obstacles and problems in sustainable development" (Hassani, 2005).

Health
Regardless to element of physical and mental health in Society, sustainable development is neither realized nor essentially operationalized. Accordingly, ensuring a healthy life and promoting well-being for all ages in sustainable development is a fundamental principle, and this issue will only be realized in the field of health when it comes to the following issues:

Peace
That since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must be constructed. The Constitution of UNESCO begins with this statement.
Because peace is not an abstract concept that we can command to succeed it. "Peace is a key and pivotal platform for realizing the goals of sustainable development and benefits that should be pursued in the world. To achieve sustainable development, respect for the dignity of every man and woman is necessary and this is achieved with peace. Peace is a commitment for a better future which today is the basis of values, mutual dialogue, tolerance, respect and common understanding. This is the foundation upon which every day we build peace in neighborhoods, cities, societies and between countries" (Rezaei, 1395) 4 The model that he developed is powerful enough to enable us to answer some of the most crucial questions that Development Economics needs to answer-questions about why the Muslim world rose rapidly and continued to rise for several centuries, and why it declined thereafter to the extent that it lost its A glorious age, and did not only become largely colonized but is also unable to respond successfully to the challenges that it is  The sovereign cannot gain strength except through the people (al-rijal).
 The people cannot be sustained except by wealth (al-mal).
 Wealth cannot be acquired except through development (al-imarah).
 Development cannot be attained except through justice (al-adl).
 Justice is the criterion (al-mizan) by which God will evaluate mankind.

Research Methodology
Methodology is the way to apply research tools to gain truth from sources of knowledge.
Accordingly, after investigations based on the subject of research and research resources, content analysis methods and structural-interpretive modeling, was chosen to find propositions and explain the relations between them. In this research, in the exploration phase, components of sustainable development from Ibn Khaldun's perspective were extracted from sources through the use of library research tools and it was presented to 15 elected experts selected by snowball method (Patton, 2001, 230).
After verifying 10 components of sustainable development by experts, the researchers, using the questionnaire tool, gathered and selected the opinions of fifteen experts of Ibn Khaldun's views and were analyzed by using method of structural-interpretive structural modeling (ISM) (Rubin & Babbie, 2009, 150).
Method of interpretive structural modeling is a systematic application of graph theory for complex patterns modeling (Malone, 1975:28). Method of interpretive structural modeling was introduced by Warfield in 1976 (Warfield,1976;Attri, Dev& Sharma,2013).
Since social issues are often turbulent, complex and dynamic issues, it is necessary to have a good methodology for analyzing these issues ( Bolanos, et.al,2005). This approach enables persons and groups to analyze complex relationships between a large number of elements in a turbulent and dynamic situation and gain a structured understanding of it (Azar et.al,2013).  Khaldun, 1996:35) It seems that the institutionalists who, like Khaldun, try to analyze historical theorems in the language of history, are most similar to those of his views. Because this group of economists also believes that one of the tasks of economic history is to explain the structure and functioning of economies over time. The term "performance" refers to the main issues that economists are interested in and includes issues such as the value of goods, the distribution of costs and benefits, and production stability. When explaining performance, more emphasis is placed on total production, per capita production, and distribution of income in the community. "Structure" is also the characteristics of society, which are the main determinants of the economic development of political and economic institutions, technology, demographic characteristics, and the political and ethical principles governing the society, laws, methods of obedience, and spiritual and moral behavioral indicators which is aimed at maximizing the wealth or the desirability of the sovereigns (rulers) to restrict the behavior of individuals. These are the categories Ibn Khaldun describes in "Muqaddimah" by using history. However, Ibn Khaldun is a Muslim who adheres to the religious teachings and the most important factor of social change is the influence of the notion of the religious-mystical ethics of persons such as Ghazali and he explains that the goal of co-operation between people is to meet needs. Because he believes, one cannot alone meet his livelihood needs, and this need must be mutually supportive (Structure formation), and this leads to reduce of production costs in the economy. He considers man and his economic behaviors the most important factor in production.

Good Governance
Ibn Khaldun is one of the few Islamic scholars and, at the same time, the most famous of them, believes that the government is a dynamic phenomenon in its full and necessary condition in political development. Like Farabi, he regarded social life as necessary, because the provision of material needs, the survival of generation and the protection against predatory animals is conditional on cooperation and acceptance of the division of labor. In the division of labor, in which man produces artifacts more than the initial need, the violation of rights and rights of each other begins with human evils into the stage of struggle and learning. To prevent war between humans, we need to form a government that is led by the most powerful and the wisest person in the society. Thus, the advancement of social life and the excess production of education create the need for the state (Lambton,(261)(262)(263)(264)(265)(266). Ibn Khaldun dose not only discuss about the base of rule of government and governing power, he also discusses its constituent elements. He believes that development is affected by the social, psychological, economic and religious conditions of their rulers.

Asabiyyah
The theory of " Asabiyyah " is the most important theory of Ibn Khaldun and the most important key to understanding his thoughts in social development, which he referred to in his book " Muqaddimah". "Asabiyyah" is the main concept to understand of Ibn Khaldun's social development. He believes that the establishment of the state (political development) is not possible without the existence of "Asabiyyah" (social development), because the ruler only dominates with "Asabiyyah" and prevents the aggression (Athari, 1388:201). From Ibn Khaldun's point of view, "Asabiyyah" means transplantation and continuity, and it is caused by family ties, alliances, religions and races. "Asabiyyah" is more prevalent in the Bedouin, and they are using a lot "Asabiyyah" and due to the low "Asabiyyah" in cities, they attack the urban people and replacing the old government with a new government… but "Asabiyyah" in the Bedouin who have formed new government and have been urban people, gets low gradually. Thus they are under attack the other Bedouin (Lambton,272)

Citizenship Rights
Among Islamic scholars, Ibn Khaldun mentions the phenomenon of citizenship and its cultural named "science of civilization" and progresses with the study of urban damage so far that he makes Takfir (denies) the formation of a city and civilization without realizing citizenship rights and called it as a place of corruption and criminality. He believes that Urbanization is a goal for the Bedouin who are moving towards it, and when they attain welfare and wealth, at that time, they tend to luxurious lifestyle and customs and want calmness in their life and finally, accept of the limitations of urbanization (Ibn Khaldun, 1984:230). According to Ibn Khaldun, urbanization has its own culture, which today is interpreted as citizenship rights. In this sense, the ultimate goal of science of civilization can be realized of citizenship rights. The centre of Ibn Khaldun's analysis is the human being because the rise and fall of civilizations is closely dependent on the well-being or misery of the people. This is, in turn, dependent not just on economic variables but also on the closely interrelated role of moral, institutional, psychological, political, social, and demographic factors through a process of circular causation extending over a long period of history. Ibn Khaldun emphasizes the role of human beings themselves in their rise and fall. This is why all the messengers of God came to this world to reform human beings and the institutions that affect their behavior (Umer Chapra,2008: 6).

Finding Analysis by ISM
After extracting the findings from Ibn Khaldun's book, the final model is presented through interpretive structural modeling. Accordingly, the quoted statements were presented to ten experts familiar with Ibn Khaldun's views and Their views were summarized in the form of an interpretive structural model. According to the model presented in Fig. 1, "Asbiyyah", "Emphasizing on temperament" and "To be based on people" have the greatest impact on sustainable development.